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金融财务高级31:00economics

How the Economic Machine Works

经济机器是如何运行的

桥水基金创始人瑞·达利欧用 30 分钟,把看似复杂的经济拆解成一台简单的机器。他从最基本的「交易」讲起,层层递进地讲清信贷、债务、短期债务周期、长期债务周期与「去杠杆」,并给出三条黄金法则。术语规范、逻辑清晰,是理解宏观经济运行、积累金融英语词汇的经典长听力材料。

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台词(177 句)

00:00
How the economic machine works, in 30 minutes. The economy works like a simple machine.

30 分钟看懂经济机器如何运行。经济就像一台简单的机器。

00:06
But many people don't understand it — or they don't agree on how it works — and this has led to a lot of needless economic suffering.

但很多人并不理解它——或者对它如何运行看法不一——这带来了大量本可避免的经济痛苦。

00:15
I feel a deep sense of responsibility to share my simple but practical economic template.

我深感有责任把我这套简单却实用的经济分析框架分享出来。

00:23
Though it's unconventional, it has helped me to anticipate and sidestep the global financial crisis, and has worked well for me for over 30 years.

尽管它并不循规蹈矩,却帮我预判并躲开了全球金融危机,三十多年来一直很管用。

00:32
Let's begin. Though the economy might seem complex, it works in a simple, mechanical way.

我们开始吧。经济看似复杂,运行方式其实简单而机械。

00:39
It's made up of a few simple parts and a lot of simple transactions that are repeated over and over again a zillion times.

它由几个简单的部件,以及无数次不断重复的简单交易构成。

00:47
These transactions are above all else driven by human nature, and they create 3 main forces that drive the economy.

这些交易首先由人性驱动,并催生出推动经济的三股主要力量。

00:55
Number 1: Productivity growth Number 2: The Short term debt cycle and Number 3: The Long term debt cycle We'll look at these three forces and how laying them on top of each other creates a good template for tracking economic movements

第一:生产率增长;第二:短期债务周期;第三:长期债务周期。我们会逐一考察这三股力量,并看看把它们叠加在一起,如何构成一套追踪经济走势的好框架。

01:11
and figuring out what's happening now. Let's start with the simplest part of the economy: Transactions.

以及判断当下正在发生什么。我们先从经济中最简单的部分讲起:交易。

01:19
An economy is simply the sum of the transactions that make it up and a transaction is a very simple thing.

经济不过是构成它的所有交易之和,而交易本身是件非常简单的事。

01:26
You make transactions all the time. Every time you buy something you create a transaction. Each transaction consists of a buyer exchanging money or credit with a seller for goods, services or financial assets.

你时时刻刻都在做交易。每次买东西,你就创造了一笔交易。每笔交易,都是买方用金钱或信贷,向卖方换取商品、服务或金融资产。

01:42
Credit spends just like money, so adding together the money spent and the amount of credit spent, you can know the total spending.

信贷花起来和钱一样,所以把花出去的钱和花出去的信贷加在一起,就能算出总支出。

01:52
The total amount of spending drives the economy. If you divide the amount spent by the quantity sold, you get the price.

总支出驱动着经济。用支出总额除以售出的数量,就得到了价格。

02:01
And that's it. That's a transaction. It is the building block of the economic machine. All cycles and all forces in an economy are driven by transactions.

就这么简单,这就是一笔交易。它是经济机器的基本单元。经济中所有的周期、所有的力量,都由交易驱动。

02:12
So, if we can understand transactions, we can understand the whole economy. A market consists of all the buyers and all the sellers making transactions for the same thing.

所以,只要能读懂交易,我们就能读懂整个经济。一个市场,就是所有为同一样东西做交易的买方和卖方的集合。

02:23
For example, there is a wheat market, a car market, a stock market and markets for millions of things.

比如说,有小麦市场、汽车市场、股票市场,还有数以百万计各种东西的市场。

02:31
An economy consists of all of the transactions in all of its markets. If you add up the total spending and the total quantity sold in all of the markets, you have everything you need to know to understand the economy.

一个经济体,就是它所有市场中全部交易的总和。只要把所有市场的总支出和总成交量加起来,你就掌握了理解经济所需的一切。

02:44
It's just that simple. People, businesses, banks and governments all engage in transactions the way I just described: exchanging money and credit for goods, services and financial assets.

就是这么简单。个人、企业、银行和政府,都在以我刚说的方式做交易:用金钱和信贷换取商品、服务和金融资产。

02:59
The biggest buyer and seller is the government, which consists of two important parts: a Central Government that collects taxes and spends money...

最大的买家和卖家是政府,它由两个重要部分组成:一个是征税并花钱的中央政府……

03:07
...and a Central Bank, which is different from other buyers and sellers because it controls the amount of money and credit in the economy.

……另一个是中央银行。它和其他买卖方不同,因为它掌控着经济中货币和信贷的数量。

03:16
It does this by influencing interest rates and printing new money. For these reasons, as we'll see, the Central Bank is an important player in the flow of Credit.

它靠调节利率和印发新钞来做到这一点。正因如此,我们将会看到,央行是信贷流动中的一个重要角色。

03:29
I want you to pay attention to credit. Credit is the most important part of the economy, and probably the least understood.

我希望你特别留意信贷。信贷是经济中最重要的部分,或许也是最不为人理解的部分。

03:37
It is the most important part because it is the biggest and most volatile part. Just like buyers and sellers go to the market to make transactions, so do lenders and borrowers.

它之所以最重要,是因为它体量最大、波动也最剧烈。正如买卖双方会到市场上做交易,放款人和借款人也一样。

03:49
Lenders usually want to make their money into more money and borrowers usually want to buy something they can't afford, like a house or car or they want to invest in something like starting a business.

放款人通常想让钱生出更多的钱,而借款人通常想买一些自己一时买不起的东西,比如房子或汽车,或者想投资做点什么,比如创业。

04:03
Credit can help both lenders and borrowers get what they want. Borrowers promise to repay the amount they borrow, called the principal, plus an additional amount, called interest.

信贷能帮放款人和借款人各取所需。借款人承诺偿还所借的金额——也就是本金——外加一笔额外的钱,也就是利息。

04:15
When interest rates are high, there is less borrowing because it's expensive. When interest rates are low, borrowing increases because it's cheaper.

利率高时,借钱变贵,借贷就减少;利率低时,借钱变便宜,借贷就增加。

04:25
When borrowers promise to repay and lenders believe them, credit is created.

当借款人承诺偿还、而放款人相信他们时,信贷就产生了。

04:31
Any two people can agree to create credit out of thin air! That seems simple enough but credit is tricky because it has different names.

任何两个人都可以凭空商量着创造出信贷!这听上去很简单,但信贷有点微妙,因为它有不同的名字。

04:40
As soon as credit is created, it immediately turns into debt. Debt is both an asset to the lender, and a liability to the borrower.

信贷一旦产生,立刻就变成了债务。债务对放款人来说是一项资产,对借款人来说则是一笔负债。

04:51
In the future, when the borrower repays the loan, plus interest, the asset and liability disappear and the transaction is settled.

将来,当借款人连本带息还清贷款时,这项资产和这笔负债就一同消失,交易也就了结了。

05:01
So, why is credit so important? Because when a borrower receives credit, he is able to increase his spending.

那么,信贷为什么这么重要?因为借款人一拿到信贷,就能增加自己的支出。

05:09
And remember, spending drives the economy. This is because one person's spending is another person's income.

别忘了,支出驱动经济。这是因为,一个人的支出,就是另一个人的收入。

05:17
Think about it, every dollar you spend, someone else earns. and every dollar you earn, someone else has spent.

想想看:你花出去的每一块钱,都被别人赚走;你赚到的每一块钱,也都是别人花出来的。

05:25
So when you spend more, someone else earns more. When someone's income rises it makes lenders more willing to lend him money because now he's more worthy of credit.

所以你花得越多,别人就赚得越多。当一个人的收入上升时,放款人就更愿意借钱给他,因为他现在更有信用了。

05:37
A creditworthy borrower has two things: the ability to repay and collateral. Having a lot of income in relation to his debt gives him the ability to repay.

一个有信用的借款人具备两样东西:偿还能力和抵押品。相对于债务而言收入丰厚,就意味着他有偿还能力。

05:49
In the event that he can't repay, he has valuable assets to use as collateral that can be sold.

万一还不上,他还有值钱的资产可以作抵押、变卖抵债。

05:55
This makes lenders feel comfortable lending him money. So increased income allows increased borrowing which allows increased spending.

这让放款人放心把钱借给他。于是,收入增加使借贷得以增加,而借贷增加又使支出得以增加。

06:05
And since one person's spending is another person's income, this leads to more increased borrowing and so on.

而由于一个人的支出就是另一个人的收入,这又进一步带动更多的借贷,如此循环下去。

06:13
This self-reinforcing pattern leads to economic growth and is why we have Cycles.

这种自我强化的模式带来了经济增长,也正是我们会有周期的原因。

06:21
In a transaction, you have to give something in order to get something and how much you get depends on how much you produce over time we learned and that accumulated knowledge raises are living standards we call this productivity growth those who were invented and hard-working raise

在交易中,你必须付出些什么,才能得到些什么,而你得到多少,取决于你产出多少。随着时间推移,我们不断学习,积累起来的知识提高了我们的生活水平,这就叫生产率增长。那些善于创新、勤奋工作的人,

06:40
their productivity and their living standards faster than those who are complacent and lazy, but that isn't necessarily true over the short run.

提升生产率和生活水平的速度,要快过那些自满和懒惰的人,但这在短期内未必成立。

06:49
Productivity matters most in the long run, but credit matters most in the short run. This is because productivity growth doesn't fluctuate much, so it's not a big driver of economic swings.

长期看,最要紧的是生产率;短期看,最要紧的却是信贷。这是因为生产率增长波动不大,所以它并不是经济起伏的主要推手。

07:01
Debt is — because it allows us to consume more than we produce when we acquire it and it forces us to consume less than we produce when we pay it back.

债务才是主要推手——因为借债时,它让我们消费得比生产得多;还债时,它又迫使我们消费得比生产得少。

07:11
Debt swings occur in two big cycles. One takes about 5 to 8 years and the other takes about 75 to 100 years.

债务的起伏体现为两大周期:一个大约持续 5 到 8 年,另一个大约持续 75 到 100 年。

07:20
While most people feel the swings, they typically don't see them as cycles because they see them too up close -- day by day, week by week.

大多数人虽能感受到这种起伏,却往往看不出它们其实是周期,因为他们看得太近了——一天一天、一周一周地看。

07:29
In this chapter we are going to step back and look at these three big forces and how they interact to make up our experiences.

在这一部分,我们要退后一步,看看这三股大力量,以及它们如何相互作用、共同构成我们的经历。

07:37
As mentioned, swings around the line are not due to how much innovation or hard work there is, they're primarily due to how much credit there is.

如前所说,围绕这条趋势线的上下起伏,并非取决于创新或勤奋的多少,而主要取决于信贷的多少。

07:46
Let's for a second imagine an economy without credit. In this economy, the only way I can increase my spending is to increase my income, which requires me to be more productive and do more work.

让我们暂且设想一个没有信贷的经济。在这样的经济里,我唯一能增加支出的办法,就是增加收入,而这需要我提高生产率、多干活。

07:59
Increased productivity is the only way for growth. Since my spending is another person's income, the economy grows every time I or anyone else is more productive.

提高生产率是增长的唯一途径。由于我的支出就是别人的收入,所以每当我或任何人变得更有生产率,经济就会增长。

08:10
If we follow the transactions and play this out, we see a progression like the productivity growth line.

如果我们顺着交易一路推演,就会看到一条类似生产率增长曲线的上行轨迹。

08:16
But because we borrow, we have cycles. This isn't due to any laws or regulation, it's due to human nature and the way that credit works.

但正因为我们会借债,才有了周期。这不是什么法律或法规造成的,而是源于人性和信贷运作的方式。

08:27
Think of borrowing as simply a way of pulling spending forward. In order to buy something you can't afford, you need to spend more than you make.

不妨把借债简单看作一种把支出提前的方式。为了买你眼下买不起的东西,你需要花得比赚得多。

08:37
To do this, you essentially need to borrow from your future self. In doing so you create a time in the future that you need to spend less than you make in order to pay it back.

要做到这一点,你本质上是在向「未来的自己」借钱。这样一来,你就在未来制造了一段时期,届时你必须花得比赚得少,才能把债还上。

08:48
It very quickly resembles a cycle. Basically, anytime you borrow you create a cycle.?

这很快就呈现出周期的样子。基本上,只要你一借债,就制造了一个周期。

08:55
This is as true for an individual as it is for the economy. This is why understanding credit is so important because it sets into motion a mechanical, predictable series of events that will happen in the future.

这对个人成立,对整个经济也一样成立。这正是理解信贷如此重要的原因,因为它会在未来触发一连串机械而可预测的事件。

09:08
This makes credit different from money. Money is what you settle transactions with. When you buy a beer from a bartender with cash, the transaction is settled immediately.

这正是信贷与货币的区别所在。货币是你用来了结交易的东西。当你用现金向酒保买一杯啤酒时,交易当场就了结了。

09:20
But when you buy a beer with credit, it's like starting a bar tab. You're saying you promise to pay in the future.

但如果你用赊账的方式买啤酒,那就像开了一张酒吧挂账单,等于是在说:你承诺将来再付钱。

09:27
Together you and the bartender create an asset and a liability. You just created credit. Out of thin air.

你和酒保一起,创造出了一项资产和一笔负债。你刚刚凭空创造了信贷。

09:35
It's not until you pay the bar tab later that the asset and liability disappear, the debt goes away and the transaction is settled.

直到你日后把挂账还清,那项资产和那笔负债才会消失,债务一笔勾销,交易才算了结。

09:45
The reality is that most of what people call money is actually credit. The total amount of credit in the United States is about $50 trillion and the total amount of money is only about $3 trillion.

现实是,人们所说的「钱」,大多其实是信贷。美国信贷的总量约为 50 万亿美元,而货币的总量只有大约 3 万亿美元。

09:59
Remember, in an economy without credit: the only way to increase your spending is to produce more. But in an economy with credit, you can also increase your spending by borrowing.

记住,在没有信贷的经济里,增加支出的唯一办法就是多生产。但在有信贷的经济里,你还可以靠借债来增加支出。

10:10
As a result, an economy with credit has more spending and allows incomes to rise faster than productivity over the short run, but not over the long run.

结果就是,有信贷的经济支出更多,短期内能让收入涨得比生产率还快——但长期来看则不然。

10:20
Now, don't get me wrong, credit isn't necessarily something bad that just causes cycles. It's bad when it finances over-consumption that can't be paid back.

别误会,信贷并不是那种只会制造周期的坏东西。只有当它去支撑那些还不上的过度消费时,才是坏事。

10:30
However, it's good when it efficiently allocates resources and produces income so you can pay back the debt.

反过来,当它能高效地配置资源、创造出足以还债的收入时,就是好事。

10:37
For example, if you borrow money to buy a big TV, it doesn't generate income for you to pay back the debt.

举例来说,如果你借钱买一台大电视,它并不会给你带来还债的收入。

10:44
But, if you borrow money to buy a tractor — and that tractor let's you harvest more crops and earn more money — then, you can pay back your debt and improve your living standards.

但如果你借钱买的是一台拖拉机——它让你收割更多庄稼、赚到更多钱——那你就既能还清债务,又能改善生活水平。

10:56
In an economy with credit, we can follow the transactions and see how credit creates growth. Let me give you an example: Suppose you earn $100,000 a year and have no debt.

在有信贷的经济里,我们可以顺着交易,看看信贷是怎么创造增长的。举个例子:假设你一年赚 10 万美元,没有任何债务。

11:08
You are creditworthy enough to borrow $10,000 dollars - say on a credit card - so you can spend $110,000 dollars even though you only earn $100,000 dollars.

你的信用足以让你借到 1 万美元——比方说刷信用卡——于是你虽然只赚 10 万,却能花掉 11 万。

11:18
Since your spending is another person's income, someone is earning $110,000 dollars. The person earning $110,000 dollars with no debt can borrow $11,000 dollars, so he can spend $121,000 dollars even though he has only earned $110,000 dollars.

由于你的支出就是别人的收入,于是有人赚到了 11 万。这个赚了 11 万、又没有负债的人可以借到 1.1 万,于是他虽然只赚 11 万,却能花掉 12.1 万。

11:38
His spending is another person's income and by following the transactions we can begin to see how this process works in a self-reinforcing pattern.

他的支出又是另一个人的收入。顺着这些交易,我们就能开始看清,这个过程是如何在自我强化中运转的。

11:47
But remember, borrowing creates cycles and if the cycle goes up, it eventually needs to come down.

但要记住,借债会制造周期,而周期一旦上行,终究要下行。

11:56
This leads us into the Short Term Debt Cycle. As economic activity increases, we see an expansion - the first phase of the short term debt cycle.

这就把我们带入了短期债务周期。随着经济活动增多,我们看到经济扩张——这是短期债务周期的第一个阶段。

12:06
Spending continues to increase and prices start to rise. This happens because the increase in spending is fueled by credit - which can be created instantly out of thin air.

支出持续增加,物价开始上涨。之所以如此,是因为支出的增加靠信贷来推动,而信贷可以凭空瞬间产生。

12:17
When the amount of spending and incomes grow faster than the production of goods: prices rise.

当支出和收入的增长快过商品的生产时,物价就会上涨。

12:23
When prices rise, we call this inflation. The Central Bank doesn't want too much inflation because it causes problems.

物价上涨,我们就称之为通货膨胀。央行不希望通胀过高,因为它会引发种种问题。

12:35
Seeing prices rise, it raises interest rates. With higher interest rates, fewer people can afford to borrow money.

眼看物价上涨,央行就加息。利率一高,能借得起钱的人就变少了。

12:42
And the cost of existing debts rises. Think about this as the monthly payments on your credit card going up.

而且现有债务的成本也随之上升。可以把它想成你信用卡的每月还款额往上涨了。

12:50
Because people borrow less and have higher debt repayments, they have less money leftover to spend, so spending slows ...and since one person's spending is another person's income, incomes drop...and so on and so forth.

由于人们借得更少、还债更多,能剩下来花的钱就变少,于是支出放缓……而既然一个人的支出就是另一个人的收入,收入也随之下降……如此循环往复。

13:06
When people spend less, prices go down. We call this deflation.

当人们花得更少时,物价就会下跌。我们把这叫作通货紧缩。

13:12
Economic activity decreases and we have a recession. If the recession becomes too severe and inflation is no longer a problem, the central bank will lower interest rates to cause everything to pick up again.

经济活动减少,衰退就来了。如果衰退变得太严重、而通胀已不再是问题,央行就会下调利率,让一切重新活跃起来。

13:27
With low interest rates, debt repayments are reduced and borrowing and spending pick up and we see another expansion.

利率一低,还债负担减轻,借贷和支出回升,于是我们又迎来一轮扩张。

13:35
As you can see, the economy works like a machine. In the short term debt cycle, spending is constrained only by the willingness of lenders and borrowers to provide and receive credit.

如你所见,经济就像一台机器。在短期债务周期里,支出唯一的约束,就是放款人和借款人提供与接受信贷的意愿。

13:47
When credit is easily available, there's an economic expansion. When credit isn't easily available, there's a recession.

信贷容易获得时,经济就扩张;信贷不易获得时,就出现衰退。

13:56
And note that this cycle is controlled primarily by the central bank. The short term debt cycle typically lasts 5 - 8 years and happens over and over again for decades.

要注意,这个周期主要由央行掌控。短期债务周期一般持续 5 到 8 年,几十年里一次又一次地重复上演。

14:08
But notice that the bottom and top of each cycle finish with more growth than the previous cycle and with more debt.

但请注意,每一轮周期的谷底和顶峰,都比上一轮增长得更多,债务也更多。

14:16
Why? Because people push it — they have an inclination to borrow and spend more instead of paying back debt.

为什么?因为人们会不断加码——他们倾向于借更多、花更多,而不是去还债。

14:25
It's human nature. Because of this, over long periods of time, debts rise faster than incomes creating the Long Term Debt Cycle.

这是人的天性。正因如此,在很长的时间里,债务上升的速度快过收入,从而形成了长期债务周期。

14:38
Despite people becoming more indebted, lenders even more freely extend credit. Why?

尽管人们负债越来越重,放款人却更加大手笔地放贷。为什么?

14:45
Because everybody thinks things are going great! People are just focusing on what's been happening lately.

因为人人都觉得形势一片大好!大家只盯着最近发生的事情看。

14:51
And what has been happening lately? Incomes have been rising! Asset values are going up!

那最近都发生了什么呢?收入在上涨!资产价格在攀升!

14:59
The stock market roars! It's a boom! It pays to buy goods, services, and financial assets with borrowed money!

股市一片火爆!这是繁荣!借钱去买商品、服务和金融资产,简直稳赚不赔!

15:08
When people do a lot of that, we call it a bubble. So even though debts have been growing, incomes have been growing nearly as fast to offset them.

当人们大量这么干时,我们就称之为泡沫。所以,尽管债务一直在增长,收入却几乎以同样的速度增长,把它抵消掉了。

15:18
Let's call the ratio of debt-to-income the debt burden. So long as incomes continue to rise, the debt burden stays manageable.

我们把债务与收入之比称为债务负担。只要收入持续上涨,债务负担就还在可控范围内。

15:27
At the same time asset values soar. People borrow huge amounts of money to buy assets as investments causing their prices to rise even higher.

与此同时,资产价格一飞冲天。人们借入巨额资金买入资产作为投资,又把这些资产的价格推得更高。

15:37
People feel wealthy. So even with the accumulation of lots of debt, rising incomes and asset values help borrowers remain creditworthy for a long time.

人们感觉自己很富有。所以,即便债务越积越多,不断上涨的收入和资产价格,也能让借款人在很长时间里保持信用。

15:49
But this obviously can not continue forever. And it doesn't. Over decades, debt burdens slowly increase creating larger and larger debt repayments.

但这显然不可能永远持续下去,事实也是如此。几十年间,债务负担缓慢加重,带来越来越大的还债压力。

16:00
At some point, debt repayments start growing faster than incomes forcing people to cut back on their spending.

到了某个时点,还债支出开始涨得比收入还快,迫使人们不得不削减开支。

16:08
And since one person's spending is another person's income, incomes begin to go down...

而既然一个人的支出就是另一个人的收入,收入也就开始下降……

16:14
...which makes people less creditworthy causing borrowing to go down. Debt repayments continue to rise which makes spending drop even further...

……这让人们的信用变差,借贷随之减少。而还债支出仍在上升,又使支出进一步下滑……

16:24
...and the cycle reverses itself. This is the long term debt peak.

……于是整个周期发生逆转。这就是长期债务的顶峰。

16:30
Debt burdens have simply become too big. For the United States, Europe and much of the rest of the world this happened in 2008.

债务负担干脆变得太大了。对美国、欧洲和世界上其他许多地方来说,这一幕发生在 2008 年。

16:40
It happened for the same reason it happened in Japan in 1989 and in the United States back in 1929.

它发生的原因,和 1989 年的日本、以及更早在 1929 年的美国如出一辙。

16:48
Now the economy begins Deleveraging. In a deleveraging; people cut spending, incomes fall, credit disappears, assets prices drop, banks get squeezed, the stock market crashes, social tensions rise and the whole thing starts to feed on itself the other way.

此时,经济开始去杠杆。在去杠杆过程中,人们削减支出、收入下降、信贷消失、资产价格下跌、银行陷入困境、股市崩盘、社会矛盾激化,整个链条开始朝相反的方向恶性自我循环。

17:09
As incomes fall and debt repayments rise, borrowers get squeezed. No longer creditworthy, credit dries up and borrowers can no longer borrow enough money to make their debt repayments.

随着收入下降、还债上升,借款人被越挤越紧。他们不再有信用,信贷随之枯竭,借款人再也借不到足够的钱来偿还债务。

17:23
Scrambling to fill this hole, borrowers are forced to sell assets. The rush to sell assets floods the market This is when the stock market collapses, the real estate market tanks and banks get into trouble.

为了填上这个窟窿,借款人被迫变卖资产。抛售资产的浪潮涌向市场——这时股市崩盘、楼市暴跌、银行陷入危机。

17:39
As asset prices drop, the value of the collateral borrowers can put up drops. This makes borrowers even less creditworthy.

随着资产价格下跌,借款人能拿出的抵押品也跟着缩水,这让他们的信用变得更差。

17:48
People feel poor. Credit rapidly disappears. Less spending › less income › less wealth › less credit › less borrowing and so on.

人们感觉自己变穷了,信贷迅速蒸发。支出减少 › 收入减少 › 财富减少 › 信贷减少 › 借贷减少,如此循环。

18:00
It's a vicious cycle. This appears similar to a recession but the difference here is that interest rates can't be lowered to save the day.

这是一个恶性循环。它看上去和衰退很像,但区别在于:这次无法靠降息来力挽狂澜。

18:10
In a recession, lowering interest rates works to stimulate the borrowing. However, in a deleveraging, lowering interest rates doesn't work because interest rates are already low and soon hit 0% - so the stimulation ends.

在衰退中,降息可以刺激借贷。但在去杠杆中,降息不管用,因为利率已经很低,很快就触及 0%——刺激手段也就到此为止。

18:25
Interest rates in the United States hit 0% during the deleveraging of the 1930s and again in 2008.

在 20 世纪 30 年代的去杠杆时期,以及 2008 年,美国的利率都曾触及 0%。

18:33
The difference between a recession and a deleveraging is that in a deleveraging borrowers' debt burdens have simply gotten too big and can't be relieved by lowering interest rates.

衰退与去杠杆的区别在于:在去杠杆中,借款人的债务负担已经大到无以复加,靠降息根本减轻不了。

18:45
Lenders realize that debts have become too large to ever be fully paid back. Borrowers have lost their ability to repay and their collateral has lost value.

放款人意识到,债务已经大到永远不可能全额偿还。借款人失去了偿还能力,他们的抵押品也贬了值。

18:55
They feel crippled by the debt - they don't even want more! Lenders stop lending. Borrowers stop borrowing.

他们被债务压得喘不过气——连更多的钱都不想要了!放款人不再放贷,借款人也不再借钱。

19:03
Think of the economy as being not-creditworthy, just like an individual. So what do you do about a deleveraging?

可以把此时的经济想象成一个失去信用的人。那么,面对去杠杆,我们该怎么办呢?

19:12
The problem is debt burdens are too high and they must come down. There are four ways this can happen.

问题在于债务负担太重,必须把它降下来。有四种办法可以做到这一点。

19:20
1. people, businesses, and governments cut their spending. 2. debts are reduced through defaults and restructurings.

一、个人、企业和政府削减支出;二、通过违约和债务重组来削减债务。

19:28
3. wealth is redistributed from the 'haves' to the 'have nots'. and finally, 4. the central bank prints new money.

三、把财富从「富人」向「穷人」再分配;最后,四、央行印发新钞。

19:37
These 4 ways have happened in every deleveraging in modern history. Usually, spending is cut first.

在近代历史上的每一次去杠杆中,这四种办法都曾出现。通常,最先被砍的是支出。

19:47
As we just saw, people, businesses, banks and even governments tighten their belts and cut their spending so that they can pay down their debt.

正如我们刚才所见,个人、企业、银行甚至政府都会勒紧裤腰带、削减开支,以便偿还债务。

19:54
This is often referred to as austerity. When borrowers stop taking on new debts, and start paying down old debts, you might expect the debt burden to decrease.

这常被称为紧缩。当借款人不再借新债、开始偿还旧债时,你或许会以为债务负担会因此减轻。

20:06
But the opposite happens! Because spending is cut - and one man's spending is another man's income - it causes incomes to fall. They fall faster than debts are repaid and the debt burden actually gets worse. As we've seen, this cut in spending is deflationary and painful.

但结果恰恰相反!因为支出被削减——而一个人的支出就是另一个人的收入——这导致收入下降。收入下降的速度比还债还快,债务负担反而进一步恶化。正如我们所见,这种削减支出的做法既是通缩的,又是痛苦的。

20:26
Businesses are forced to cut costs... which means less jobs and higher unemployment.

企业被迫削减成本……这意味着更少的岗位和更高的失业率。

20:32
This leads to the next step: debts must be reduced! Many borrowers find themselves unable to repay their loans — and a borrower's debts are a lender's assets.

这就引出了下一步:必须削减债务!许多借款人发现自己还不上贷款——而借款人的债务,正是放款人的资产。

20:44
When borrowers don't repay the bank, people get nervous that the bank won't be able to repay them so they rush to withdraw their money from the bank. Banks get squeezed and people, businesses and banks default on their debts. This severe

当借款人不还银行的钱时,人们就担心银行也还不上自己的钱,于是纷纷跑到银行挤兑取款。银行被挤压,个人、企业和银行纷纷债务违约。这种严重的

21:00
economic contraction is a depression. A big part of a depression is people discovering much of what they thought was their wealth isn't really there.

经济收缩,就是萧条。萧条的一大特征,就是人们发现,自己原以为的财富,很大一部分其实根本不存在。

21:11
Let's go back to the bar. When you bought a beer and put it on a bar tab, you promised to repay the bartender. Your promise became an asset of the bartender.

让我们回到那家酒吧。当你赊账买啤酒、把它记在挂账单上时,你承诺过要还钱给酒保。你的承诺,就变成了酒保的一项资产。

21:23
But if you break your promise - if you don't pay him back and essentially default on your bar tab - then the 'asset' he has isn't really worth anything.

但如果你违背承诺——不还钱,实际上就是在挂账上「违约」——那么他手里的那项「资产」就一文不值了。

21:32
It has basically disappeared. Many lenders don't want their assets to disappear and agree to debt restructuring.

它基本上就凭空消失了。许多放款人不愿看到自己的资产就此蒸发,于是同意进行债务重组。

21:40
Debt restructuring means lenders get paid back less or get paid back over a longer time frame or at a lower interest rate that was first agreed. Somehow a contract is broken in a way that reduces debt. Lenders would rather have a

债务重组,意味着放款人收回的钱变少了,或者还款期被拉长,又或者利率比最初约定的更低。总之是以某种方式打破原合约,从而削减债务。对放款人来说,

21:56
little of something than all of nothing. Even though debt disappears, debt restructuring causes income and asset values to disappear faster, so the debt burden continues to gets worse.

拿回一点,总好过血本无归。尽管债务减少了,但债务重组会让收入和资产价格消失得更快,所以债务负担仍在继续恶化。

22:09
Like cutting spending, debt reduction is also painful and deflationary.

和削减支出一样,削减债务同样既痛苦又带来通缩。

22:16
All of this impacts the central government because lower incomes and less employment means the government collects fewer taxes.

这一切都会波及中央政府,因为收入下降、就业减少,意味着政府征到的税也变少了。

22:27
At the same time it needs to increase its spending because unemployment has risen. Many of the unemployed have inadequate savings and need financial support from the government.

与此同时,由于失业率上升,政府还得增加开支。许多失业者积蓄不足,需要政府提供财政补助。

22:36
Additionally, governments create stimulus plans and increase their spending to make up for the decrease in the economy.

此外,政府还会推出刺激计划、加大开支,以弥补经济的萎缩。

22:43
Governments' budget deficits explode in a deleveraging because they spend more than they earn in taxes.

在去杠杆时期,政府的预算赤字会急剧膨胀,因为它们花的钱超过了收上来的税。

22:51
This is what is happening when you hear about the budget deficit on the news. To fund their deficits, governments need to either raise taxes or borrow money. But with incomes falling and so many unemployed, who is the money going to come from? The rich.

当你在新闻里听到「预算赤字」时,说的就是这回事。为了填补赤字,政府要么加税,要么借钱。但在收入下降、失业者众多的情况下,钱又能从谁那里来呢?富人。

23:09
Since governments need more money and since wealth is heavily concentrated in the hands of a small percentage of the people, governments naturally raise taxes on the wealthy which facilitates a redistribution of wealth in the economy - from the 'haves' to the 'have nots'. The 'have-nots,' who are suffering, begin to

既然政府需要更多的钱,而财富又高度集中在一小部分人手里,政府自然会对富人加税,从而促成经济中的财富再分配——从「富人」流向「穷人」。日子难过的「穷人」开始

23:29
resent the wealthy 'haves.' The wealthy 'haves,' being squeezed by the weak economy, falling asset prices, higher taxes, begin to resent the 'have nots.'

怨恨那些富有的「富人」。而富有的「富人」被疲弱的经济、下跌的资产价格和更高的税负所挤压,也开始怨恨那些「穷人」。

23:39
If the depression continues social disorder can break out. Not only do tensions rise within countries, they can rise between countries - especially debtor and creditor countries.

如果萧条持续下去,社会动乱就可能爆发。不仅一国之内矛盾加剧,国与国之间也可能剑拔弩张——尤其是债务国与债权国之间。

23:52
This situation can lead to political change that can sometimes be extreme.

这种局面可能引发政治变革,有时甚至走向极端。

23:58
In the 1930s, this led to Hitler coming to power, war in Europe, and depression in the United States. Pressure to do something to end the depression increases.

在 20 世纪 30 年代,这导致了希特勒上台、欧洲爆发战争,以及美国陷入大萧条。要求采取行动、终结萧条的压力越来越大。

24:10
Remember, most of what people thought was money was actually credit. So, when credit disappears, people don't have enough money.

别忘了,人们以为是钱的东西,大多其实是信贷。所以,当信贷消失时,人们手里的钱就不够用了。

24:18
People are desperate for money and you remember who can print money? The Central Bank can.

人们急需用钱,而你还记得谁能印钞吗?央行能。

24:27
Having already lowered its interest rates to nearly 0 - it's forced to print money. Unlike cutting spending, debt reduction, and wealth redistribution, printing money is inflationary and stimulative. Inevitably, the central bank prints new money — out of thin air — and uses it to buy financial assets

此时利率已被降到接近 0,央行只好开动印钞机。和削减支出、削减债务、财富再分配不同,印钞是通胀的、也是刺激性的。央行最终不可避免地凭空印出新钞,并用它来购买金融资产

24:47
and government bonds. It happened in the United States during the Great Depression and again in 2008, when the United States' central bank — the Federal Reserve — printed over two trillion dollars.

和政府债券。这一幕在美国大萧条时期上演过,2008 年又再次上演——当时美国的中央银行「美联储」印了超过 2 万亿美元。

24:59
Other central banks around the world that could, printed a lot of money, too. By buying financial assets with this money, it helps drive up asset prices which makes people more creditworthy.

世界上其他有能力这么做的央行,也印了大量的钱。用这些钱去购买金融资产,有助于推高资产价格,从而让人们的信用变好。

25:11
However, this only helps those who own financial assets. You see, the central bank can print money but it can only buy financial assets.

然而,这只对那些持有金融资产的人有利。你看,央行能印钱,但它只能买金融资产。

25:21
The Central Government, on the other hand, can buy goods and services and put money in the hands of the people but it can't print money. So, in order to stimulate the economy, the two must cooperate.

而中央政府则能购买商品和服务、把钱直接送到民众手里,却不能印钞。所以,要想刺激经济,二者必须携手合作。

25:35
By buying government bonds, the Central Bank essentially lends money to the government, allowing it to run a deficit and increase spending on goods and services through its stimulus programs and unemployment benefits. This increases people's income as well as the government's debt. However,

通过购买政府债券,央行实质上是把钱借给了政府,让政府得以维持赤字,并借助刺激计划和失业救济增加对商品和服务的支出。这既提高了民众的收入,也增加了政府的债务。不过,

25:56
it will lower the economy's total debt burden. This is a very risky time. Policy makers need to balance the four ways that debt burdens come down.

它会降低整个经济的总债务负担。这是一段非常危险的时期。政策制定者需要在降低债务负担的四种办法之间取得平衡。

26:06
The deflationary ways need to balance with the inflationary ways in order to maintain stability.

要维持稳定,那些通缩性的办法必须与通胀性的办法相互平衡。

26:14
If balanced correctly, there can be a Beautiful Deleveraging.

如果平衡得当,就可能实现一次「漂亮的去杠杆」。

26:21
You see, a deleveraging can be ugly or it can be beautiful. How can a deleveraging be beautiful?

你看,去杠杆可以是丑陋的,也可以是漂亮的。去杠杆怎么会漂亮呢?

26:28
Even though a deleveraging is a difficult situation, handling a difficult situation in the best possible way is beautiful.

尽管去杠杆是个艰难的局面,但用尽可能好的方式去应对艰难的局面,本身就是一种漂亮。

26:37
A lot more beautiful than the debt-fueled, unbalanced excesses of the leveraging phase. In a beautiful deleveraging, debts decline relative to income, real economic growth is positive, and inflation isn't a problem. It is achieved by having the right balance.

这可比加杠杆阶段那种靠债务催起来、失衡而过度的繁荣漂亮多了。在一次漂亮的去杠杆中,债务相对收入下降,实际经济增长为正,通胀也不成问题。这靠的正是恰到好处的平衡。

26:56
The right balance requires a certain mix of cutting spending, reducing debt, transferring wealth and printing money so that economic and social stability can be maintained.

恰当的平衡,需要把削减支出、削减债务、转移财富和印钞按一定比例搭配起来,才能维持经济和社会的稳定。

27:09
People ask if printing money will raise inflation. It won't if it offsets falling credit. Remember, spending is what matters.

人们会问,印钞会不会推高通胀?只要它抵消的是不断萎缩的信贷,就不会。记住,真正要紧的是支出。

27:18
A dollar of spending paid for with money has the same effect on price as a dollar of spending paid for with credit.

用货币支付的一块钱支出,和用信贷支付的一块钱支出,对物价的影响是一样的。

27:25
By printing money, the Central Bank can make up for the disappearance of credit with an increase in the amount of money.

通过印钞,央行可以用货币数量的增加,来弥补信贷的消失。

27:33
In order to turn things around, the Central Bank needs to not only pump up income growth but get the rate of income growth higher than the rate of interest on the accumulated debt.

要扭转局面,央行不仅要拉动收入增长,还要让收入增长的速度高过已积累债务的利率。

27:45
So, what do I mean by that? Basically, income needs to grow faster than debt grows. For example: let's assume that a country going through a deleveraging has a debt-to- income ratio of 100%.

这话是什么意思呢?说白了,就是收入增长要快过债务增长。举个例子:假设一个正在去杠杆的国家,债务与收入之比是 100%。

27:58
That means that the amount of debt it has is the same as the amount of income the entire country makes in a year.

这意味着它的债务总额,正好等于全国一年赚到的收入总额。

28:05
Now think about the interest rate on that debt, let's say it is 2%. If debt is growing at 2% because of that interest rate and income is only growing at around only 1%, you will never reduce the debt burden.

再想想这笔债务的利率,假设是 2%。如果债务因这个利率而以 2% 的速度增长,而收入只以大约 1% 的速度增长,那你永远也降不下债务负担。

28:20
You need to print enough money to get the rate of income growth above the rate of interest. However, printing money can easily be abused because it's so easy to do and people prefer it to the alternatives.

你需要印出足够多的钱,让收入增长的速度超过利率。然而,印钞很容易被滥用,因为它太好操作了,而且比起其他办法,人们更偏爱它。

28:33
The key is to avoid printing too much money and causing unacceptably high inflation, the way Germany did during its deleveraging in the 1920's.

关键在于避免印钞过多、引发难以承受的高通胀——就像德国在 20 世纪 20 年代去杠杆时所经历的那样。

28:43
If policymakers achieve the right balance, a deleveraging isn't so dramatic. Growth is slow but debt burdens go down.

如果政策制定者把握好平衡,去杠杆就不会那么惊心动魄。增长虽慢,但债务负担在下降。

28:51
That's a beautiful deleveraging. When incomes begin to rise, borrowers begin to appear more creditworthy.

这就是一次漂亮的去杠杆。当收入开始回升时,借款人看起来也就更有信用了。

28:59
And when borrowers appear more creditworthy, lenders begin to lend money again. Debt burdens finally begin to fall.

而当借款人看起来更有信用时,放款人就又开始放贷。债务负担终于开始下降。

29:08
Able to borrow money, people can spend more. Eventually, the economy begins to grow again, leading to the reflation phase of the long term debt cycle.

有钱可借,人们就能花更多。最终,经济重新开始增长,进入长期债务周期的「再通胀」阶段。

29:18
Though the deleveraging process can be horrible if handled badly, if handled well, it will eventually fix the problem.

去杠杆的过程若处理不当会非常可怕,但只要处理得当,它终将解决问题。

29:26
It takes roughly a decade or more for debt burdens to fall and economic activity to get back to normal - hence the term 'lost decade.'

债务负担的下降和经济活动的恢复,大约需要十年甚至更久——这也是「失落的十年」一词的由来。

29:37
Of course, the economy is a little more complicated than this template suggests. However, laying the short term debt cycle on top of the long term debt cycle and then laying both of them on top of the productivity growth line gives a reasonably good template for seeing where we've been,

当然,真实的经济要比这套框架所描述的复杂一些。不过,把短期债务周期叠在长期债务周期之上,再把二者一起叠在生产率增长曲线之上,就得到了一套相当不错的框架,帮我们看清自己从哪里来、

29:55
where we are now and where we are probably headed. So in summary, there are three rules of thumb that I'd like you to take away from this: First: Don't have debt rise faster than income, because your debt burdens will eventually crush you.

眼下在哪里、又很可能往哪里去。所以总结一下,我希望你记住三条经验法则:第一,别让债务涨得比收入快,否则债务负担迟早会把你压垮。

30:11
Second: Don't have income rise faster than productivity, because you will eventually become uncompetitive.

第二,别让收入涨得比生产率快,否则你终将失去竞争力。

30:19
And third: Do all that you can to raise your productivity, because, in the long run, that's what matters most.

第三,竭尽全力提高你的生产率,因为从长远看,这才是最要紧的。

30:29
This is simple advice for you and it's simple advice for policy makers. You might be surprised but most people — including most policy makers — don't pay enough attention to this.

这对你是简单的忠告,对政策制定者也是简单的忠告。你也许会惊讶,但大多数人——包括大多数政策制定者——都没有足够重视这一点。

30:39
This template has worked for me and I hope that it'll work for you. Thank you.

这套框架一直对我很管用,我也希望它能对你管用。谢谢。