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通用商务高级14:59speaking up at work

How to speak up for yourself

如何为自己发声

社会心理学家亚当·加林斯基的 TED 演讲。他从初为人父不敢给医生打电话讲起,提出每个人都有一个「可接受行为范围」,而决定它宽窄的是权力;权力不足时就会陷入「不说被忽视、说了挨罚」的双重困境。他给出五件扩大范围的工具:为他人发声、换位思考、给出选项、向人请教、调动热情。适合练谈判、向上沟通与职场表达。

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台词(135 句)

00:04
Speaking up is hard to do. I understood the true meaning of this phrase exactly one month ago, when my wife and I became new parents.

为自己发声是件难事。整整一个月前,当我和妻子初为人父母时,我才真正懂得这句话的含义。

00:16
It was an amazing moment. It was exhilarating and elating, but it was also scary and terrifying.

那是一个奇妙的时刻,既令人振奋又令人欣喜,但同时也让人害怕、令人恐惧。

00:23
And it got particularly terrifying when we got home from the hospital, and we were unsure whether our little baby boy was getting enough nutrients from breastfeeding.

尤其是我们从医院回到家之后,更是让人心惊胆战——我们不确定刚出生的儿子能不能从母乳里得到足够的营养。

00:34
And we wanted to call our pediatrician, but we also didn't want to make a bad first impression or come across as a crazy, neurotic parent.

我们想给儿科医生打个电话,但又不想留下糟糕的第一印象,或者被当成大惊小怪、神经兮兮的父母。

00:42
So we worried. And we waited. When we got to the doctor's office the next day, she immediately gave him formula because he was pretty dehydrated.

于是我们只是干着急,一直等着。第二天到了医生的诊室,她立刻给孩子喂了配方奶,因为他已经严重脱水了。

00:52
Our son is fine now, and our doctor has reassured us we can always contact her.

我们的儿子现在很好,医生也向我们保证,随时都可以联系她。

00:57
But in that moment, I should've spoken up, but I didn't.

但在那个时刻,我本该开口的,我却没有。

01:02
But sometimes we speak up when we shouldn't, and I learned that over 10 years ago when I let my twin brother down.

可有时候,我们又会在不该开口的时候开口。这一点,是我十多年前让我的双胞胎兄弟失望时学到的。

01:10
My twin brother is a documentary filmmaker, and for one of his first films, he got an offer from a distribution company.

我的双胞胎兄弟是位纪录片导演,他最早的一部片子收到了一家发行公司的报价。

01:16
He was excited, and he was inclined to accept the offer.

他很兴奋,也倾向于接受这个报价。

01:21
But as a negotiations researcher, I insisted he make a counteroffer, and I helped him craft the perfect one.

但作为一名研究谈判的学者,我坚持让他还价,还帮他拟了一份完美的还价方案。

01:29
And it was perfect -- it was perfectly insulting.

它确实完美——完美地冒犯了对方。

01:33
The company was so offended, they literally withdrew the offer and my brother was left with nothing.

那家公司被激怒到直接撤回了报价,我兄弟最后什么也没得到。

01:39
And I've asked people all over the world about this dilemma of speaking up: when they can assert themselves,

我问过世界各地的人,关于开口发声的这种两难:什么时候可以坚持自己的主张,

01:46
when they can push their interests, when they can express an opinion, when they can make an ambitious ask.

什么时候可以争取自己的利益,什么时候可以表达一个观点,什么时候可以提出一个大胆的要求。

01:52
And the range of stories are varied and diverse, but they also make up a universal tapestry.

这些故事千差万别、各不相同,但它们又共同织成了一幅普世的图景。

01:59
Can I correct my boss when they make a mistake? Can I confront my coworker who keeps stepping on my toes?

老板犯错时,我能纠正他吗?那个老是冒犯我的同事,我能当面跟他摊牌吗?

02:06
Can I challenge my friend's insensitive joke? Can I tell the person I love the most my deepest insecurities?

朋友开了个不合时宜的玩笑,我能当场质疑吗?我能把内心最深处的不安,告诉我最爱的人吗?

02:14
And through these experiences, I've come to recognize that each of us have something called a range of acceptable behavior.

通过这些经历,我逐渐认识到:我们每个人都有一个所谓的「可接受行为范围」。

02:21
Now, sometimes we're too strong; we push ourselves too much.

有时候我们太强势了,把自己推得太靠前。

02:26
That's what happened with my brother. Even making an offer was outside his range of acceptable behavior.

我兄弟就是这样。对他来说,连提出一个还价,都已经超出了他的可接受行为范围。

02:33
But sometimes we're too weak. That's what happened with my wife and I. And this range of acceptable behaviors -- when we stay within our range, we're rewarded.

但有时候我们又太软弱,我和妻子就是这样。而这个可接受行为范围——当我们待在范围之内时,会得到回报。

02:42
When we step outside that range, we get punished in a variety of ways.

一旦越出这个范围,我们就会以各种方式受到惩罚。

02:46
We get dismissed or demeaned or even ostracized. Or we lose that raise or that promotion or that deal.

我们会被无视、被贬低,甚至被排挤;或者失去那次加薪、那次晋升、那笔生意。

02:53
Now, the first thing we need to know is: What is my range?

所以我们首先需要知道的是:我的范围到底在哪里?

02:58
But the key thing is, our range isn't fixed; it's actually pretty dynamic.

但关键在于,这个范围不是固定的,它其实相当有弹性。

03:04
It expands and it narrows based on the context.

它会随着情境而扩大或收窄。

03:08
And there's one thing that determines that range more than anything else, and that's your power.

而决定这个范围的最重要的一样东西,就是你的权力。

03:14
Your power determines your range. What is power? Power comes in lots of forms.

你的权力决定了你的范围。什么是权力?权力有很多种形式。

03:20
In negotiations, it comes in the form of alternatives. So my brother had no alternatives; he lacked power.

在谈判中,它体现为你有多少备选方案。我兄弟没有别的选择,所以他缺乏权力。

03:26
The company had lots of alternatives; they had power. Sometimes it's being new to a country, like an immigrant, or new to an organization or new to an experience, like my wife and I as new parents.

而那家公司有很多备选,他们有权力。有时候,权力差距来自你刚到一个国家、比如作为移民,或刚进入一个组织,或刚经历一件从没经历过的事,就像我和妻子初为父母。

03:37
Sometimes it's at work, where someone's the boss and someone's the subordinate.

有时候是在职场上,一个人是上司,另一个人是下属。

03:42
Sometimes it's in relationships, where one person's more invested than the other person.

有时候是在亲密关系里,一方比另一方投入得更多。

03:46
And the key thing is that when we have lots of power, our range is very wide.

关键在于:当我们拥有很多权力时,我们的范围会非常宽。

03:52
We have a lot of leeway in how to behave. But when we lack power, our range narrows.

我们在如何行事上有很大的回旋余地。但当我们缺乏权力时,范围就会收窄。

03:58
We have very little leeway. The problem is that when our range narrows, that produces something called the low-power double bind.

我们几乎没有回旋余地。问题在于,范围一收窄,就会产生所谓的「弱势双重困境」。

04:07
The low-power double bind happens when, if we don't speak up, we go unnoticed, but if we do speak up, we get punished.

所谓弱势双重困境就是:如果我们不开口,就没人注意到我们;可一旦开口,又会受到惩罚。

04:16
Now, many of you have heard the phrase the "double bind" and connected it with one thing, and that's gender.

你们中很多人听过「双重困境」这个说法,并且会把它跟一件事联系起来,那就是性别。

04:22
The gender double bind is women who don't speak up go unnoticed, and women who do speak up get punished.

性别双重困境是指:不开口的女性会被忽视,而开口的女性会受到惩罚。

04:29
And the key thing is that women have the same need as men to speak up, but they have barriers to doing so.

关键在于,女性和男性一样需要为自己发声,但她们这么做要面对更多障碍。

04:37
But what my research has shown over the last two decades is that what looks like a gender difference is not really a gender double bind, it's a really a low-power double bind.

但我过去二十年的研究表明:那些看上去像是性别差异的东西,其实并不是性别双重困境,而是弱势双重困境。

04:49
And what looks like a gender difference are really often just power differences in disguise.

那些看似性别差异的现象,往往只是权力差异换了个样子。

04:54
Oftentimes we see a difference between a man and a woman or men and women, and think, "Biological cause. There's something fundamentally different about the sexes."

我们常常看到一个男人和一个女人、或者男性群体和女性群体之间的差别,就想:「这是生理原因,两性在本质上就是不一样的。」

05:03
But in study after study, I've found that a better explanation for many sex differences is really power.

但在一项又一项研究中,我发现对很多性别差异更好的解释其实是权力。

05:11
And so it's the low-power double bind. And the low-power double bind means that we have a narrow range, and we lack power.

所以它其实是弱势双重困境。弱势双重困境意味着我们的范围很窄,而且我们缺乏权力。

05:22
We have a narrow range, and our double bind is very large. So we need to find ways to expand our range.

范围越窄,我们所处的双重困境就越大。所以我们必须找到办法来扩大自己的范围。

05:28
And over the last couple decades, my colleagues and I have found two things really matter.

在过去这二十来年里,我和同事们发现有两件事真正起作用。

05:33
The first: you seem powerful in your own eyes.

第一:在你自己眼中,你显得有力量。

05:37
The second: you seem powerful in the eyes of others. When I feel powerful, I feel confident, not fearful; I expand my own range.

第二:在别人眼中,你显得有力量。当我觉得自己有力量时,我会有自信而不是恐惧,我会扩大自己的范围。

05:47
When other people see me as powerful, they grant me a wider range.

当别人认为我有力量时,他们就会给我一个更宽的范围。

05:52
So we need tools to expand our range of acceptable behavior.

所以我们需要一些工具,来扩大自己的可接受行为范围。

05:57
And I'm going to give you a set of tools today. Speaking up is risky, but these tools will lower your risk of speaking up.

今天我就要给大家一套工具。开口发声是有风险的,但这些工具能降低你开口的风险。

06:06
The first tool I'm going to give you got discovered in negotiations in an important finding.

我要给你们的第一个工具,来自谈判研究中的一个重要发现。

06:13
On average, women make less ambitious offers and get worse outcomes than men at the bargaining table.

平均而言,在谈判桌上,女性开出的条件不如男性大胆,拿到的结果也更差。

06:21
But Hannah Riley Bowles and Emily Amanatullah have discovered there's one situation where women get the same outcomes as men and are just as ambitious.

但汉娜·赖利·鲍尔斯和艾米丽·阿曼图拉发现,有一种情况下,女性和男性一样大胆,也能拿到同样的结果。

06:30
That's when they advocate for others.

那就是当她们是在为别人争取的时候。

06:34
When they advocate for others, they discover their own range and expand it in their own mind.

当她们为别人发声时,她们会发现自己的范围,并在自己心里把它扩大。

06:41
They become more assertive. This is sometimes called "the mama bear effect."

她们变得更敢于坚持主张。这有时被称为「熊妈妈效应」。

06:46
Like a mama bear defending her cubs, when we advocate for others, we can discover our own voice.

就像熊妈妈护崽一样,当我们为别人发声时,我们能找到自己的声音。

06:53
But sometimes, we have to advocate for ourselves. How do we do that?

但有时候,我们必须为自己发声。那该怎么做呢?

06:58
One of the most important tools we have to advocate for ourselves is something called perspective-taking.

为自己发声最重要的工具之一,叫做「换位思考」。

07:04
And perspective-taking is really simple: it's simply looking at the world through the eyes of another person.

换位思考其实很简单:就是用另一个人的眼睛去看这个世界。

07:12
It's one of the most important tools we have to expand our range.

它是我们扩大自身范围最重要的工具之一。

07:16
When I take your perspective, and I think about what you really want, you're more likely to give me what I really want.

当我站在你的角度、去想你真正想要什么时,你就更可能给我我真正想要的东西。

07:24
But here's the problem: perspective-taking is hard to do. So let's do a little experiment.

但问题在于:换位思考很难做到。我们来做个小实验。

07:30
I want you all to hold your hand just like this: your finger -- put it up.

我希望大家把手像这样举起来,把手指竖起来。

07:35
And I want you to draw a capital letter E on your forehead as quickly as possible.

然后请你尽可能快地在自己额头上写一个大写字母 E。

07:43
OK, it turns out that we can draw this E in one of two ways, and this was originally designed as a test of perspective-taking.

好,结果发现这个 E 有两种写法;这个实验最初就是设计来测试换位思考的。

07:50
I'm going to show you two pictures of someone with an E on their forehead -- my former student, Erika Hall.

我给大家看两张额头上写着 E 的照片——照片里是我以前的学生艾丽卡·霍尔。

07:56
And you can see over here, that's the correct E. I drew the E so it looks like an E to another person.

你们看这边,这是正确的 E:我这样写,是为了让别人看过来它是一个 E。

08:03
That's the perspective-taking E because it looks like an E from someone else's vantage point.

这就是换位思考式的 E,因为从别人的视角看过去,它才是一个 E。

08:08
But this E over here is the self-focused E. We often get self-focused.

而这边这个 E,则是以自我为中心的 E。我们常常会变得只顾自己的视角。

08:14
And we particularly get self-focused in a crisis. I want to tell you about a particular crisis.

尤其是在危机中,我们更容易只顾自己。我想给大家讲一个特别的危机。

08:19
A man walks into a bank in Watsonville, California.

一个男人走进加利福尼亚州沃森维尔市的一家银行。

08:23
And he says, "Give me $2,000, or I'm blowing the whole bank up with a bomb."

他说:「给我 2000 美元,不然我就用炸弹把整个银行炸了。」

08:29
Now, the bank manager didn't give him the money. She took a step back.

银行经理没有把钱给他,而是往后退了一步。

08:33
She took his perspective, and she noticed something really important. He asked for a specific amount of money.

她站到了他的角度,注意到一件很重要的事:他要的是一个具体的数额。

08:39
So she said, "Why did you ask for $2,000?"

于是她问:「你为什么要 2000 美元?」

08:44
And he said, "My friend is going to be evicted unless I get him $2,000 immediately."

他说:「我要是不马上给我朋友 2000 美元,他就要被赶出去了。」

08:49
And she said, "Oh! You don't want to rob the bank -- you want to take out a loan."

她说:「哦!你不是想抢银行——你是想申请一笔贷款。」

08:54
(Laughter) "Why don't you come back to my office, and we can have you fill out the paperwork."

(笑声)「不如你跟我到办公室来,我们让你把表格填一下。」

08:59
(Laughter) Now, her quick perspective-taking defused a volatile situation.

(笑声)她这一次迅速的换位思考,化解了一个一触即发的局面。

09:05
So when we take someone's perspective, it allows us to be ambitious and assertive, but still be likable.

所以当我们站到别人的角度时,我们既可以大胆、坚定,同时又不惹人反感。

09:12
Here's another way to be assertive but still be likable, and that is to signal flexibility.

还有一种既坚定又讨人喜欢的办法,就是释放出「我有弹性」的信号。

09:18
Now, imagine you're a car salesperson, and you want to sell someone a car.

现在想象你是一名汽车销售,你想把车卖给某个人。

09:23
You're going to more likely make the sale if you give them two options.

如果你给对方两个选项,你更有可能成交。

09:27
Let's say option A: $24,000 for this car and a five-year warranty.

比如选项 A:这辆车 24000 美元,五年保修。

09:32
Or option B: $23,000 and a three-year warranty.

或者选项 B:23000 美元,三年保修。

09:37
My research shows that when you give people a choice among options, it lowers their defenses, and they're more likely to accept your offer.

我的研究显示,当你给人们几个选项去挑时,他们的防备会降低,也更可能接受你的提议。

09:45
And this doesn't just work with salespeople; it works with parents. When my niece was four, she resisted getting dressed and rejected everything.

这不只对销售管用,对家长也管用。我侄女四岁时,死活不肯穿衣服,什么都要拒绝。

09:53
But then my sister-in-law had a brilliant idea. What if I gave my daughter a choice?

后来我的嫂子想出了一个绝妙的主意:如果我给女儿一个选择呢?

09:59
This shirt or that shirt? OK, that shirt. This pant or that pant? OK, that pant.

这件上衣还是那件?好,那件。这条裤子还是那条?好,那条。

10:03
And it worked brilliantly. She got dressed quickly and without resistance.

效果好极了,她很快就穿好了衣服,一点都没有抵触。

10:09
When I've asked the question around the world when people feel comfortable speaking up, the number one answer is: "When I have social support in my audience; when I have allies."

我在世界各地问过大家:什么时候你会觉得开口发声很自在?排名第一的回答是:「当听众里有人支持我的时候;当我有盟友的时候。」

10:19
So we want to get allies on our side. How do we do that?

所以我们希望有盟友站在自己这边。那要怎么做到呢?

10:25
Well, one of the ways is be a mama bear. When we advocate for others, we expand our range in our own eyes and the eyes of others, but we also earn strong allies.

一种办法就是当一只熊妈妈。当我们为别人发声时,我们不仅在自己眼中和别人眼中扩大了范围,也赢得了强有力的盟友。

10:35
Another way we can earn strong allies, especially in high places, is by asking other people for advice.

另一种赢得强力盟友、尤其是位高权重的盟友的办法,是向别人请教。

10:42
When we ask others for advice, they like us because we flatter them, and we're expressing humility.

当我们向别人请教时,他们会喜欢我们,因为这让他们感到被抬举,而我们也表现出了谦逊。

10:50
And this really works to solve another double bind. And that's the self-promotion double bind.

这一招还真能化解另一种双重困境,就是「自我推销的双重困境」。

10:57
The self-promotion double bind is that if we don't advertise our accomplishments, no one notices.

自我推销的双重困境是:如果我们不宣扬自己的成绩,就没人会注意到。

11:02
And if we do, we're not likable. But if we ask for advice about one of our accomplishments, we are able to be competent in their eyes but also be likeable.

可如果我们宣扬了,又会招人反感。但如果我们就自己的某项成绩去请教别人,那么在对方眼里,我们既有能力,又讨人喜欢。

11:14
And this is so powerful it even works when you see it coming.

这一招威力大到,哪怕你早就看穿了它,它照样奏效。

11:18
There have been multiple times in life when I have been forewarned that a low-power person has been given the advice to come ask me for advice.

我这一生中有好多次,事先就被提醒过:某个处于弱势的人,被人建议来找我请教。

11:27
I want you to notice three things about this: First, I knew they were going to come ask me for advice.

我希望你们注意这里的三点:第一,我知道他们要来找我请教。

11:33
Two, I've actually done research on the strategic benefits of asking for advice.

第二,我本人就研究过「向人请教」在策略上的好处。

11:39
And three, it still worked! I took their perspective, I became more invested in their cause, I became more committed to them because they asked for advice.

第三,它依然奏效!我站到了他们的角度,更加关心他们的事,也对他们投入了更多——就因为他们来向我请教。

11:49
Now, another time we feel more confident speaking up is when we have expertise.

另一种让我们更有底气开口的情况,是我们拥有专业能力的时候。

11:55
Expertise gives us credibility. When we have high power, we already have credibility.

专业带来可信度。当我们权力很大时,我们本来就有可信度。

12:01
We only need good evidence. When we lack power, we don't have the credibility.

我们只需要拿出不错的证据。而当我们缺乏权力时,我们并没有可信度。

12:06
We need excellent evidence. And one of the ways we can come across as an expert is by tapping into our passion.

我们需要拿出极为出色的证据。而让别人把我们看作专家的办法之一,就是调动我们的热情。

12:15
I want everyone in the next few days to go up to friend of theirs and just say to them, "I want you to describe a passion of yours to me."

我希望接下来几天,每个人都去找一位朋友,对他说:「我想请你跟我讲讲你热爱的一件事。」

12:24
I've had people do this all over the world and I asked them, "What did you notice about the other person when they described their passion?"

我让世界各地的人都做过这件事,然后问他们:「对方讲述他热爱的事情时,你注意到了什么?」

12:32
And the answers are always the same. "Their eyes lit up and got big." "They smiled a big beaming smile."

答案总是一样的。「他们眼睛发亮,睁得大大的。」「他们笑得特别灿烂。」

12:39
"They used their hands all over -- I had to duck because their hands were coming at me."

「他们手舞足蹈——我得躲一躲,因为他们的手都挥到我脸前了。」

12:43
"They talk quickly with a little higher pitch." (Laughter) "They leaned in as if telling me a secret."

「他们语速变快,音调也高了一点。」(笑声)「他们身体前倾,好像要跟我说一个秘密。」

12:49
And then I said to them, "What happened to you as you listened to their passion?"

然后我问他们:「当你听着他们讲热爱的事情时,你自己又发生了什么变化?」

12:53
They said, "My eyes lit up. I smiled. I leaned in."

他们说:「我的眼睛也亮了。我笑了。我也身体前倾了。」

12:58
When we tap into our passion, we give ourselves the courage, in our own eyes, to speak up, but we also get the permission from others to speak up.

当我们调动自己的热情时,我们在自己眼中获得了开口的勇气,同时也从别人那里拿到了开口的许可。

13:08
Tapping into our passion even works when we come across as too weak.

即便在我们显得太软弱的时候,调动热情同样管用。

13:14
Both men and women get punished at work when they shed tears.

无论男性还是女性,在职场上落泪都会受到惩罚。

13:18
But Lizzie Wolf has shown that when we frame our strong emotions as passion,

但莉齐·沃尔夫的研究表明,当我们把强烈的情绪解释为热情时,

13:25
the condemnation of our crying disappears for both men and women.

无论男女,人们对我们落泪的指责都会消失。

13:32
I want to end with a few words from my late father that he spoke at my twin brother's wedding.

我想用我已故父亲的几句话来结尾,那是他在我双胞胎兄弟的婚礼上说的。

13:38
Here's a picture of us. My dad was a psychologist like me, but his real love and his real passion was cinema, like my brother.

这是我们的合影。我父亲和我一样是心理学家,但他真正热爱、真正倾注热情的是电影,就像我兄弟一样。

13:48
And so he wrote a speech for my brother's wedding about the roles we play in the human comedy.

于是他为我兄弟的婚礼写了一段致辞,讲的是我们在这出人间喜剧里所扮演的角色。

13:54
And he said, "The lighter your touch, the better you become at improving and enriching your performance.

他说:「你下手越轻,就越懂得如何打磨和丰富自己的表演。

14:00
Those who embrace their roles and work to improve their performance grow, change and expand the self.

那些拥抱自己角色、努力提升演技的人,会成长、会改变、会拓展自我。

14:08
Play it well, and your days will be mostly joyful." What my dad was saying is that we've all been assigned ranges and roles in this world.

演好它,你的日子大多数时候都会是快乐的。」我父亲的意思是:在这个世界上,我们每个人都被分配了各自的范围和角色。

14:18
But he was also saying the essence of this talk: those roles and ranges are constantly expanding and evolving.

但他同时也说出了这场演讲的精髓:这些角色和范围,是在不断扩大、不断演变的。

14:28
So when a scene calls for it, be a ferocious mama bear and a humble advice seeker.

所以当剧情需要时,就去做一只凶猛的熊妈妈,也去做一个谦逊的请教者。

14:35
Have excellent evidence and strong allies.

拿出极佳的证据,找到强力的盟友。

14:39
Be a passionate perspective taker.

做一个满怀热情的换位思考者。

14:42
And if you use those tools -- and each and every one of you can use these tools -- you will expand your range of acceptable behavior,

如果你用上这些工具——在座的每一个人都用得上这些工具——你就能扩大自己的可接受行为范围,

14:52
and your days will be mostly joyful.

你的日子也会大多数时候都是快乐的。

14:55
Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。(掌声)