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营销管理中级18:37motivation

The Puzzle of Motivation

动机之谜

职业分析家 Dan Pink 以『律师办案』的方式,摆出四十多年来的科学证据:传统的『胡萝卜加大棒』奖励,在需要创造力的任务上不但不管用,反而会拖后腿。他提出企业该升级到一套全新的操作系统,核心是三大内在动机——自主、专精与目的。逻辑严密、金句频出,是学习管理与数据论证类地道表达的极佳素材。

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台词(113 句)

00:13
I need to make a confession at the outset here. A little over 20 years ago, I did something that I regret, something that I'm not particularly proud of.

开场我得先坦白一件事。二十多年前,我做了一件我很后悔、也不怎么引以为豪的事。

00:25
Something that, in many ways, I wish no one would ever know, but here I feel kind of obliged to reveal.

这件事,在很多方面我都希望永远没人知道,但在这儿,我觉得自己有点不得不坦白。

00:31
(Laughter) In the late 1980s, in a moment of youthful indiscretion, I went to law school.

(笑声)上世纪八十年代末,一时年少轻狂,我去读了法学院。

00:40
(Laughter) In America, law is a professional degree: after your university degree, you go on to law school.

(笑声)在美国,法律是个职业学位:拿到本科学位后,你才接着去念法学院。

00:50
When I got to law school, I didn't do very well. To put it mildly, I didn't do very well.

进了法学院,我念得并不好。说得客气点,我念得相当不好。

00:57
I, in fact, graduated in the part of my law school class that made the top 90% possible.

事实上,我毕业时的排名,正好『成就』了班上前 90% 的存在。

01:04
(Laughter) Thank you. I never practiced law a day in my life; I pretty much wasn't allowed to.

(笑声)谢谢。我这辈子一天律师都没当过;基本上,人家也不让我当。

01:16
(Laughter) But today, against my better judgment, against the advice of my own wife, I want to try to dust off some of those legal skills -- what's left of those legal skills.

(笑声)但今天,我要不顾自己的理智判断,也不顾我太太的劝告,试着把那点法律本事重新拾起来——好歹拾起还剩下的那点。

01:31
I don't want to tell you a story. I want to make a case. I want to make a hard-headed, evidence-based, dare I say lawyerly case, for rethinking how we run our businesses.

我不想给大家讲个故事,我想给大家办桩案子。我要就『重新思考我们该如何经营企业』,拿出一套冷静务实、以证据为本、甚至可以说颇有律师范儿的论证。

01:47
So, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, take a look at this. This is called the candle problem. Some of you might know it.

那么,陪审团的女士们、先生们,请看这个。这叫『蜡烛难题』。有些人可能听说过。

01:55
It's created in 1945 by a psychologist named Karl Duncker. He created this experiment that is used in many other experiments in behavioral science.

它是 1945 年由一位名叫卡尔·邓克尔的心理学家设计的。他创制的这个实验,后来被行为科学的许多其他实验反复采用。

02:04
And here's how it works. Suppose I'm the experimenter. I bring you into a room. I give you a candle, some thumbtacks and some matches.

它是这么玩的。假设我是主试者。我把你带进一个房间,给你一根蜡烛、一些图钉和几根火柴。

02:13
And I say to you, "Your job is to attach the candle to the wall so the wax doesn't drip onto the table."

然后我对你说:『你的任务是把蜡烛固定在墙上,让蜡油不会滴到桌子上。』

02:20
Now what would you do? Many people begin trying to thumbtack the candle to the wall. Doesn't work.

换作你会怎么做?很多人一开始试着用图钉把蜡烛钉到墙上。不管用。

02:26
I saw somebody kind of make the motion over here -- some people have a great idea where they light the match, melt the side of the candle, try to adhere it to the wall.

我看到那边有人比划这个动作——有些人想出个妙招:点燃火柴,把蜡烛侧面烧化,再想办法把它粘到墙上。

02:37
It's an awesome idea. Doesn't work. And eventually, after five or ten minutes, most people figure out the solution, which you can see here.

这主意妙极了。也不管用。最后,过了五到十分钟,大多数人才想出正确的办法,就是你在这儿看到的这个。

02:46
The key is to overcome what's called functional fixedness. You look at that box and you see it only as a receptacle for the tacks.

关键在于克服所谓的『功能固着』。你看着那个盒子,只把它当成装图钉的容器。

02:54
But it can also have this other function, as a platform for the candle. The candle problem. I want to tell you about an experiment using the candle problem, done by a scientist named Sam Glucksberg, who is now at Princeton University, US,

但它其实还能有另一种功能——当蜡烛的托座。这就是蜡烛难题。我想给大家讲一个用蜡烛难题做的实验,主持者是一位名叫萨姆·格卢克斯伯格的科学家,他如今在美国普林斯顿大学任教。

03:08
This shows the power of incentives. He gathered his participants and said: "I'm going to time you, how quickly you can solve this problem."

这个实验展示了激励的威力。他召集了受试者,说:『我要给你们计时,看你们能多快解开这道题。』

03:18
To one group he said, "I'm going to time you to establish norms, averages for how long it typically takes someone to solve this sort of problem."

对第一组,他说:『我给你们计时,是为了建立一个常模,算出一般人解这类题通常要花多长时间的平均值。』

03:26
To the second group he offered rewards. He said, "If you're in the top 25% of the fastest times, you get five dollars.

对第二组,他则给出奖励。他说:『如果你的用时排进最快的前 25%,你能拿到五美元。

03:35
If you're the fastest of everyone we're testing here today, you get 20 dollars." Now this is several years ago, adjusted for inflation, it's a decent sum of money for a few minutes of work.

如果你是今天所有受试者里最快的,你能拿到二十美元。』这是好几年前的事了,把通胀算进去,对几分钟的活儿来说,这可是一笔不小的钱。

03:46
It's a nice motivator. Question: How much faster did this group solve the problem?

这是个挺不错的激励。问题来了:这一组解题快了多少?

03:53
Answer: It took them, on average, three and a half minutes longer.

答案是:他们平均反倒多花了三分半钟。

04:00
3.5 min longer. This makes no sense, right? I mean, I'm an American. I believe in free markets.

多花了三分半钟。这说不通啊,对吧?我可是个美国人,我信奉自由市场。

04:06
That's not how it's supposed to work, right? (Laughter) If you want people to perform better, you reward them. Right?

事情不该是这么运作的,对吧?(笑声)想让人表现更好,就给他们奖励。没错吧?

04:14
Bonuses, commissions, their own reality show. Incentivize them. That's how business works.

奖金、提成,甚至给他们办个真人秀。激励他们呗。生意不就是这么做的嘛。

04:21
But that's not happening here. You've got an incentive designed to sharpen thinking and accelerate creativity, and it does just the opposite.

可这儿偏偏不是这么回事。你摆出一个本想让思维更敏锐、让创造力更迸发的激励,结果它起的作用恰恰相反。

04:31
It dulls thinking and blocks creativity. What's interesting about this experiment is that it's not an aberration.

它反倒让思维变迟钝,把创造力给堵死了。这个实验有意思的地方在于,它并非个别的反常现象。

04:37
This has been replicated over and over again for nearly 40 years.

近四十年来,它被一遍又一遍地重复验证。

04:43
These contingent motivators -- if you do this, then you get that -- work in some circumstances.

这些附带条件的激励——你做到这个,就能得到那个——在某些情形下是管用的。

04:50
But for a lot of tasks, they actually either don't work or, often, they do harm. This is one of the most robust findings in social science, and also one of the most ignored.

但对很多任务而言,它们要么根本不管用,要么往往还起反作用。这是社会科学中最经得起检验的发现之一,同时也是最被忽视的发现之一。

05:05
I spent the last couple of years looking at the science of human motivation, particularly the dynamics of extrinsic motivators and intrinsic motivators.

过去这几年,我一直在研究人类动机的科学,尤其是外在激励与内在激励之间的运作机制。

05:13
And I'm telling you, it's not even close. If you look at the science, there is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does.

我告诉你们,两者差得远呢。只要看看科学研究就会发现,科学所知与商业所行之间,存在着一道鸿沟。

05:21
What's alarming here is that our business operating system -- think of the set of assumptions and protocols beneath our businesses, how we motivate people, how we apply our human resources-- it's built entirely around these extrinsic motivators, around carrots and sticks.

令人警觉的是,我们的商业操作系统——想想企业底层那一整套假设和规程,我们如何激励员工、如何运用人力资源——完全是围绕这些外在激励、围绕胡萝卜加大棒搭建起来的。

05:37
That's actually fine for many kinds of 20th century tasks. But for 21st century tasks, that mechanistic, reward-and-punishment approach doesn't work, often doesn't work, and often does harm.

对二十世纪的许多任务来说,这其实没问题。但对二十一世纪的任务而言,那套机械的奖惩办法行不通,常常行不通,而且常常有害。

05:51
Let me show you. Glucksberg did another similar experiment, he presented the problem in a slightly different way, like this up here.

我给你们演示一下。格卢克斯伯格还做过另一个类似的实验,他把题目稍微换了种方式呈现,就像上面这样。

06:00
Attach the candle to the wall so the wax doesn't drip onto the table. Same deal. You: we're timing for norms. You: we're incentivizing.

把蜡烛固定在墙上,让蜡油不会滴到桌上。任务一样。这组:我们为建立常模而计时。那组:我们给你们奖励。

06:08
What happened this time? This time, the incentivized group kicked the other group's butt.

这一次结果如何?这一次,拿奖励的那组把另一组打得落花流水。

06:17
Why? Because when the tacks are out of the box, it's pretty easy isn't it? (Laughter) If-then rewards work really well for those sorts of tasks, where there is a simple set of rules and a clear destination to go to.

为什么?因为图钉一旦倒出了盒子,题目就相当简单了,不是吗?(笑声)对于那类规则简单、目标明确的任务,『如果——就』式的奖励确实非常有效。

06:37
Rewards, by their very nature, narrow our focus, concentrate the mind; that's why they work in so many cases.

奖励就其本质而言,会收窄我们的注意力、让心神更集中,这正是它在许多情况下奏效的原因。

06:43
So, for tasks like this, a narrow focus, where you just see the goal right there, zoom straight ahead to it, they work really well.

所以,对这类任务——目标就明晃晃地摆在眼前,一门心思直奔它而去——收窄注意力的奖励确实非常管用。

06:52
But for the real candle problem, you don't want to be looking like this. The solution is on the periphery. You want to be looking around.

但对真正的蜡烛难题,你可不想这样死盯着一处。答案藏在边缘地带,你得四下里张望才行。

06:59
That reward actually narrows our focus and restricts our possibility. Let me tell you why this is so important.

那份奖励反而收窄了我们的视野,限制了我们的可能性。我来告诉你们这一点为什么如此重要。

07:07
In western Europe, in many parts of Asia, in North America, in Australia, white-collar workers are doing less of this kind of work, and more of this kind of work.

在西欧、在亚洲许多地方、在北美、在澳大利亚,白领们正越来越少地做这种工作,越来越多地做那种工作。

07:22
That routine, rule-based, left-brain work -- certain kinds of accounting, financial analysis, computer programming -- has become fairly easy to outsource, fairly easy to automate.

那种按部就班、有章可循、靠左脑的工作——某些会计、财务分析、计算机编程——如今已经相当容易外包,也相当容易自动化。

07:33
Software can do it faster. Low-cost providers can do it cheaper. So what really matters are the more right-brained creative, conceptual kinds of abilities.

软件干得更快,低成本的供应商干得更便宜。所以,真正要紧的,是那些更偏右脑的、创造性的、概念性的能力。

07:45
Think about your own work. Are the problems that you face, or even the problems we've been talking about here, do they have a clear set of rules, and a single solution?

想想你自己的工作。你面对的那些问题,乃至我们今天一直在谈的这些问题,它们有一套清晰的规则和唯一的答案吗?

07:59
No. The rules are mystifying. The solution, if it exists at all, is surprising and not obvious.

没有。规则令人一头雾水。答案——如果它当真存在的话——往往出人意料、并不显而易见。

08:07
Everybody in this room is dealing with their own version of the candle problem.

这屋里的每一个人,都在应对属于自己的那一版蜡烛难题。

08:14
And for candle problems of any kind, in any field, those if-then rewards, the things around which we've built so many of our businesses, don't work!

而对任何领域、任何形式的蜡烛难题,那些『如果——就』式的奖励——我们那么多生意都是围着它搭起来的——统统不管用!

08:28
It makes me crazy. And here's the thing. This is not a feeling.

这快把我逼疯了。而问题的关键在于:这不是一种感觉。

08:35
Okay? I'm a lawyer; I don't believe in feelings. This is not a philosophy.

好吧?我是个律师,我不信什么感觉。这也不是一套哲学。

08:42
I'm an American; I don't believe in philosophy. (Laughter) This is a fact -- or, as we say in my hometown of Washington, D.C., a true fact.

我是个美国人,我不信什么哲学。(笑声)这是一个事实——或者,用我老家华盛顿特区的说法,一个『千真万确的事实』。

08:54
(Laughter) (Applause) Let me give you an example.

(笑声)(掌声)我给大家举个例子。

09:02
Let me marshal the evidence here. I'm not telling a story, I'm making a case. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, some evidence: Dan Ariely, one of the great economists of our time, he and three colleagues did a study of some MIT students.

让我把证据一一摆出来。我不是在讲故事,我是在办案子。陪审团的女士们、先生们,来看几项证据:丹·艾瑞里,我们这个时代最杰出的经济学家之一,他和三位同事对一批麻省理工的学生做了一项研究。

09:15
They gave these MIT students a bunch of games, games that involved creativity, and motor skills, and concentration.

他们给这些麻省理工的学生出了一堆游戏,这些游戏涉及创造力、动作技能和专注力。

09:22
And the offered them, for performance, three levels of rewards: small reward, medium reward, large reward.

并按照表现,给他们提供三档奖励:小额奖励、中额奖励、大额奖励。

09:30
If you do really well you get the large reward, on down. What happened? As long as the task involved only mechanical skill bonuses worked as they would be expected: the higher the pay, the better the performance.

你表现出色,就拿大额奖励,以此类推。结果如何?只要任务只涉及机械性技能,奖金就如人们预期的那样奏效:报酬越高,表现越好。

09:44
Okay? But once the task called for even rudimentary cognitive skill, a larger reward led to poorer performance.

对吧?可一旦任务哪怕只需要一点点初级的认知能力,更高的奖励反而导致更差的表现。

09:57
Then they said, "Let's see if there's any cultural bias here. Let's go to Madurai, India and test it." Standard of living is lower.

接着他们说:『咱们看看这里头有没有文化偏差。到印度的马杜赖去测一测吧。』那里的生活水平较低。

10:04
In Madurai, a reward that is modest in North American standards, is more meaningful there. Same deal. A bunch of games, three levels of rewards.

在马杜赖,一笔按北美标准算不上多的奖励,在当地却更有分量。做法照旧:一堆游戏,三档奖励。

10:13
What happens? People offered the medium level of rewards did no better than people offered the small rewards.

结果如何?拿中额奖励的人,表现并不比拿小额奖励的人更好。

10:20
But this time, people offered the highest rewards, they did the worst of all. In eight of the nine tasks we examined across three experiments, higher incentives led to worse performance.

但这一次,拿最高奖励的人,表现是所有人里最差的。在三个实验、我们考察的九项任务中,有八项都是激励越高、表现越差。

10:37
Is this some kind of touchy-feely socialist conspiracy going on here? No, these are economists from MIT, from Carnegie Mellon, from the University of Chicago.

这难道是什么多愁善感的社会主义阴谋在作祟?不,这些人可是来自麻省理工、卡内基梅隆和芝加哥大学的经济学家。

10:49
Do you know who sponsored this research? The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States.

你们知道是谁资助这项研究的吗?美国联邦储备银行。

10:55
That's the American experience. Let's go across the pond to the London School of Economics, LSE, London School of Economics, alma mater of eleven Nobel Laureates in economics.

这是美国的情况。咱们再漂洋过海,去伦敦政治经济学院看看——LSE,伦敦政经,这里可是十一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主的母校。

11:06
Training ground for great economic thinkers like George Soros, and Friedrich Hayek, and Mick Jagger.

也是乔治·索罗斯、弗里德里希·哈耶克,还有米克·贾格尔这些伟大经济思想家的摇篮。

11:13
(Laughter) Last month, just last month, economists at LSE looked at 51 studies of pay-for-performance plans, inside of companies.

(笑声)上个月,就在上个月,伦敦政经的经济学家们分析了企业内部 51 项关于绩效薪酬方案的研究。

11:24
Here's what they said: "We find that financial incentives can result in a negative impact on overall performance."

他们的结论是:『我们发现,经济激励可能会对整体绩效产生负面影响。』

11:32
There is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does. And what worries me, as we stand here in the rubble of the economic collapse, is that too many organizations are making their decisions, their policies about talent and people,

科学所知与商业所行之间,存在着一道鸿沟。而让我忧心的是,当我们站在经济崩溃的废墟之上,太多机构在做决策、在制定人才与用人政策时,

11:49
based on assumptions that are outdated, unexamined, and rooted more in folklore than in science.

依据的仍是些过时的、从未被检验的假设——它们更多地扎根于民间传说,而非科学。

11:58
And if we really want to get out of this economic mess, if we really want high performance on those definitional tasks of the 21st century, the solution is not to do more of the wrong things, to entice people with a sweeter carrot,

如果我们真想走出这场经济烂摊子,如果我们真想在二十一世纪那些标志性的任务上取得高绩效,出路并不是把错的事做得更多——用更甜的胡萝卜去诱惑人,

12:14
or threaten them with a sharper stick. We need a whole new approach. The good news is that the scientists who've been studying motivation have given us this new approach.

或者用更硬的大棒去威胁人。我们需要一套全新的办法。好消息是,那些一直在研究动机的科学家,已经为我们指出了这套新办法。

12:23
It's built much more around intrinsic motivation. Around the desire to do things because they matter, because we like it, they're interesting, or part of something important.

它更多地是围绕内在动机搭建的——围绕这样一种渴望:做一件事,是因为它有意义、因为我们喜欢它、因为它有趣,或因为它是某件重要之事的一部分。

12:32
And to my mind, that new operating system for our businesses revolves around three elements: autonomy, mastery and purpose.

在我看来,这套企业的新操作系统,围绕着三大要素运转:自主、专精和目的。

12:41
Autonomy: the urge to direct our own lives. Mastery: the desire to get better and better at something that matters.

自主,是主宰自己人生的冲动;专精,是把一件有意义的事越做越好的渴望;

12:48
Purpose: the yearning to do what we do in the service of something larger than ourselves. These are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses.

目的,则是让我们所做之事服务于比自身更宏大之物的向往。这三者,正是企业这套全新操作系统的基石。

12:59
I want to talk today only about autonomy. In the 20th century, we came up with this idea of management.

今天我只想谈谈自主。二十世纪,我们发明了『管理』这个概念。

13:06
Management did not emanate from nature. Management is not a tree, it's a television set. Somebody invented it.

管理并非源于自然。管理不是一棵树,而是一台电视机——是有人把它造出来的。

13:14
It doesn't mean it's going to work forever. Management is great. Traditional notions of management are great if you want compliance.

这并不意味着它就能永远管用。管理很好。如果你要的是服从,那传统的管理观念棒极了。

13:22
But if you want engagement, self-direction works better. Some examples of some kind of radical notions of self-direction.

可如果你要的是投入,那自我引导会更奏效。下面举几个颇为激进的自我引导理念的例子。

13:29
You don't see a lot of it, but you see the first stirrings of something really interesting going on, what it means is paying people adequately and fairly, absolutely -- getting the issue of money off the table, and then giving people lots of autonomy.

这类做法还不多见,但你能看到一些非常有意思的苗头正在冒出来。它的意思是:先把员工的薪酬付得充足、公道,这一点绝不含糊——把钱的问题摆平、挪出台面,然后再给人大量的自主权。

13:43
Some examples. How many of you have heard of the company Atlassian? It looks like less than half.

举几个例子。你们当中有多少人听说过 Atlassian 这家公司?看样子不到一半。

13:51
(Laughter) Atlassian is an Australian software company. And they do something incredibly cool.

(笑声)Atlassian 是一家澳大利亚软件公司。他们做了一件酷得不得了的事。

13:59
A few times a year they tell their engineers, "Go for the next 24 hours and work on anything you want, as long as it's not part of your regular job.

每年有那么几次,他们对工程师说:『接下来的 24 小时,你想做什么就做什么,只要不是你日常本职工作的一部分就行。

14:08
Work on anything you want." Engineers use this time to come up with a cool patch for code, come up with an elegant hack.

想做什么就做什么。』工程师们利用这段时间,捣鼓出漂亮的代码补丁,想出精巧的技术妙招。

14:14
Then they present all of the stuff that they've developed to their teammates, to the rest of the company, in this wild and woolly all-hands meeting at the end of the day.

然后,在一天结束时那场热闹又混乱的全员大会上,他们把自己捣鼓出来的所有东西,展示给队友、展示给公司的其他人。

14:24
Being Australians, everybody has a beer. They call them FedEx Days. Why?

既然是澳大利亚人,当然人人手里都端着一杯啤酒。他们管这叫『联邦快递日』。为什么?

14:31
Because you have to deliver something overnight. It's pretty; not bad. It's a huge trademark violation, but it's pretty clever.

因为你得在一夜之间交付点东西出来。挺妙的,不赖。这可是严重的商标侵权,但确实相当机灵。

14:39
(Laughter) That one day of intense autonomy has produced a whole array of software fixes that might never have existed.

(笑声)那一天高强度的自主,催生出一大批本来可能永远不会存在的软件改进。

14:46
It's worked so well that Atlassian has taken it to the next level with 20% time -- done, famously, at Google -- where engineers can spend 20% of their time working on anything they want.

这招太成功了,以至于 Atlassian 更进一步搞起了『20% 时间』——这做法因谷歌而声名远扬——工程师可以拿出自己 20% 的时间,做任何他们想做的事。

14:56
They have autonomy over their time, their task, their team, their technique. Radical amounts of autonomy. And at Google, as many of you know, about half of the new products in a typical year are birthed during that 20% time: things like Gmail, Orkut, Google News.

他们对自己的时间、任务、团队和方法都拥有自主权。这是极大程度的自主。而在谷歌,你们很多人都知道,寻常一年里大约有一半的新产品,都是在那 20% 的时间里孕育出来的:比如 Gmail、Orkut、谷歌新闻。

15:14
Let me give you an even more radical example of it: something called the Results Only Work Environment (the ROWE), created by two American consultants, in place at a dozen companies around North America.

我再给你们举个更激进的例子:一种叫作『唯结果工作环境』(简称 ROWE)的模式,由两位美国咨询顾问首创,如今已在北美十几家公司施行。

15:25
In a ROWE people don't have schedules. They show up when they want. They don't have to be in the office at a certain time, or any time.

在 ROWE 模式下,员工没有作息表。想什么时候来就什么时候来。他们不必在某个特定时间到岗,任何时间都不必。

15:35
They just have to get their work done. How they do it, when they do it, where they do it, is totally up to them.

他们只需把活儿干完。怎么干、什么时候干、在哪儿干,完全由他们自己说了算。

15:42
Meetings in these kinds of environments are optional. What happens? Almost across the board, productivity goes up, worker engagement goes up, worker satisfaction goes up, turnover goes down.

在这种环境里,会议都是可开可不开的。结果如何?几乎在所有方面:生产率上升,员工投入度上升,员工满意度上升,离职率下降。

15:57
Autonomy, mastery and purpose, the building blocks of a new way of doing things. Some of you might look at this and say, "Hmm, that sounds nice, but it's Utopian."

自主、专精和目的,是一种全新做事方式的基石。你们有些人看到这儿也许会说:『嗯,听着是不错,可这太乌托邦了。』

16:07
And I say, "Nope. I have proof." The mid-1990s, Microsoft started an encyclopedia called Encarta.

而我要说:『不。我有证据。』上世纪九十年代中期,微软推出了一部叫作 Encarta 的百科全书。

16:16
They had deployed all the right incentives, They paid professionals to write and edit thousands of articles.

他们用上了所有『正确』的激励,花钱请专业人士撰写、编辑了成千上万个词条。

16:23
Well-compensated managers oversaw the whole thing to make sure it came in on budget and on time. A few years later, another encyclopedia got started.

还有拿着丰厚薪水的经理们全程监督,以确保项目不超预算、按时完成。几年后,另一部百科全书也起步了。

16:32
Different model, right? Do it for fun. No one gets paid a cent, or a euro or a yen.

模式全然不同,对吧?为兴趣而做。没有人拿一分钱报酬,一欧元、一日元都没有。

16:41
Do it because you like to do it. Just 10 years ago, if you had gone to an economist, anywhere, "Hey, I've got these two different models for creating an encyclopedia.

做它,只因为你喜欢做。仅仅十年前,你若去问随便哪个经济学家:『嘿,我有两种不同的百科全书编纂模式。

16:51
If they went head to head, who would win?" 10 years ago you could not have found a single sober economist anywhere on planet Earth who would have predicted the Wikipedia model.

要是让它俩正面对决,谁会赢?』十年前,你在这颗星球上找不出一个头脑清醒的经济学家,会预言维基百科模式胜出。

17:02
This is the titanic battle between these two approaches. This is the Ali-Frazier of motivation, right? This is the Thrilla in Manila.

这是两种模式之间的巅峰对决。这是动机界的『阿里对弗雷泽』,对吧?这就是『马尼拉之战』。

17:10
Intrinsic motivators versus extrinsic motivators. Autonomy, mastery and purpose, versus carrot and sticks, and who wins?

内在激励对阵外在激励。自主、专精和目的,对阵胡萝卜加大棒——谁赢了?

17:17
Intrinsic motivation, autonomy, mastery and purpose, in a knockout. Let me wrap up. There is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does.

内在动机——自主、专精和目的——一记 KO 制胜。让我来收个尾。科学所知与商业所行之间,存在着一道鸿沟。

17:28
Here is what science knows. One: Those 20th century rewards, those motivators we think are a natural part of business, do work, but only in a surprisingly narrow band of circumstances.

科学所知的是这些。第一:那些二十世纪的奖励,那些我们以为是商业天经地义组成部分的激励,确实管用,但仅限于窄得惊人的一小段情形。

17:38
Two: Those if-then rewards often destroy creativity. Three: The secret to high performance isn't rewards and punishments, but that unseen intrinsic drive-- the drive to do things for their own sake.

第二:那些『如果——就』式的奖励,常常会扼杀创造力。第三:高绩效的秘密,不在于奖惩,而在于那股看不见的内在驱动力——一种为事情本身而去做的驱动力。

17:51
The drive to do things cause they matter. And here's the best part. We already know this. The science confirms what we know in our hearts.

一种因为某事有意义而去做它的驱动力。而最妙的地方在于:这些我们其实早就懂。科学不过是印证了我们心里本就明白的道理。

17:58
So, if we repair this mismatch between science and business, if we bring our motivation, notions of motivation into the 21st century, if we get past this lazy, dangerous, ideology of carrots and sticks, we can strengthen our businesses, we can solve a lot of those candle problems,

所以,如果我们能弥合科学与商业之间的这道鸿沟,如果我们能把动机、把对动机的认识带进二十一世纪,如果我们能跨过胡萝卜加大棒这套懒惰而危险的意识形态,我们就能让企业更强大,就能解开许许多多那样的蜡烛难题,

18:19
and maybe, maybe -- we can change the world. I rest my case.

而且也许,也许——我们真能改变世界。本人陈述完毕。

18:27
(Applause)

(掌声)